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How to Do Facebook Business Manager login, Approvals, Account login

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How to Do Facebook Business Manager login, Approvals, Account login

The process of Facebook business manager login is very easy. There are lots of uses for having a Facebook business manager account even when people think of Facebook diying.

But, if you are a content creator, Businessman, entrepreneur, wants to sell your products & services, etc then, Facebook still has much potential only if you use facebook’s ongoing business capabilities in a right way.

To start your business on Facebook in an organized way, a business manager is a great platform.ย There are only a few requirements to create a Facebook business page.

“The most important requirement is, you have a personal Facebook account to log in”.

For confirming your identity on Facebook you must have a Facebook account, before creating a Facebook business manager account.

Read Alsoย How to Create a Business Facebook Page Without a Personal Account? Is it Possible?

How to set up a Facebook business manager account.

Step1. First, go to the official Facebook business manager account create Link, which is Business.Facebook.com

Step2. Log in to your Facebook account.

Step3. Click on Create Account, at the top of the right corner.

Step4. Fill all sections in the required field and save it.ย 

That’s it, after clicking, you will see the Facebook business manager window.

Read Alsoย How to Edit a Facebook Page Post in 2021?

How to use Facebook business manager.

After a successful login Facebook business manager, you will see the Home screen.

Click at the three parallel lines at the top of the left corner or simply at the business manager which is at the same location (Remember Facebook always changes positions of its menus, Settings, etc Hence, location of business manager tab, ads manager, Billing, etc can differ from the image used in this article).

facebook business manager login

Here you found all the categories and terms, which are related to your work. Here you also found the Facebook ads manager.

In this section, you will see the business setting and after a click on this, you will see various terms related to this page.

Here you will see all pages related to this business account, ad account, payments section, Instagram account(If you add this), and many more categories and terms.

Change info on the Facebook business manager account.ย 

If you want to change something related to your business manager account information.

you can click on Business info.

facebook business manager login

Facebook business manager login id.ย 

To see the Facebook business manager id you must log in to the Facebook business manager account.

Here is your Facebook business manager URL, in this URL you will see the Facebook business manager id.

The second way is, in the Business info, you will see your Facebook business manager id.

Facebook business manager support.ย 

To get support and help from Facebook regarding your query, you click on the Question mark sigh at the top of the right corner in the Facebook business manager.

Here you will found the solution to your query.

Facebook business manager setup:

For many other queries after coming into the business setting section, you will see the setup guide category at the bottom of the left corner.

facebook business manager login

Here you will see the various sections which are related to their categories, like ad account, pages, and people.

Here you can do many things like creating a new Facebook page, adding a business manager admin, request access, and many more things.

Facebook business manager on mobile:

All steps and procedures are similar when taken on mobile to operate business managers.ย 

Facebook business manager app:

There is no official app present for the FB business manager.

Read Alsoย How Facebook Turned Entertainment into Business skills?

Benefits of Facebook business manager.

  1. By the use of the Business Manager, you can differentiate your personal Facebook profile and your work profile.ย ย 
  2. In the business manager, you can handle your pages and ad account in a more organized and secure way.ย 
  3. In Facebook Business Manager after adding an ad account, you will be able to see performance insights.ย 

Read Alsoย How to Delete Facebook Account Permanently without waiting 14 days

Scanning electron microscope Sem, definition, Principle, Working, Diagram, images, use

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Scanning electron microscope Sem, definition, Principle, Working, Diagram, images, use

Scanning electron microscope definition.

A (Sem) scanning electron microscope is simply a type of electron microscope.

A scanning electron microscope uses a high-energy electron beam to produce an image of an ultra-thin sample after scanning it.

The signals which are produced after interacting electron beam with the atoms of a sample give information about the sample’s surface topography,

material orientation, chemical composition, and many other material properties.

Scanning electron microscope principle:

Scanning electron microscope (sem) works on the principle of interaction of electron beam (accelerated electrons),

with the atoms of a sample at various depths and reveal the information in the form of signals.ย 

How does a scanning electron microscope work?

A Sem uses an electron beam instead of a light beam. The scanning of the sample is done in a raster scan pattern.

Here, after the interaction, various types of signals are produced.

But in Sem, we considered mainly two types of electrons.

The two types of electrons are secondary electrons (SE), and the reflected one, commonly called backscattered electrons (BSE).

After balancing, scanning, or combining the position of the beam with the intensity of the detected signal an image of the sample is achieved.

Question and answer session.

The question to ask friends:

Why the electron beam is used in sem and why not light?

Answer:

Because the wavelength of the electron is smaller than light, which provides a thousand times better resolution than light.

Scanning electron microscope construction and working.

sem scanning electron microscope
The image is modified and credit goes to Wikimedia.

Component or instrument used in scanning electron microscope.

Electronic Gun – For the source of the electron.

Vacuum chamber.

Electromagnetic lenses (Condenser lens, Objective lens).

Scanning coils.

Sample.

Backscattered electron detector (BSED).

Secondary electron detector (SED).

X-rays or light detector.

Computer or Tv Scanner.

โ™ฆ The electronic gun provides the required electron beam by thermionic emission.

Thermionic emission:ย 

It is the thermally induced flow of charge carriers (electrons, ions) from a surface or over a potential energy barrier.

In electronic guns, we use a tungsten wire and kept at a negative potential around and heated at a high temp range by resistive heating.

In this process, the free-electron emits from the surface of the tungsten wire due to thermionic emission.

Question and answer session.

The question to ask friends:

Why tungsten is used for this purpose?

Answer:

In all metals, Tungsten has the highest melting point and lowest vapor pressure. Also, tungsten has a low price.

โ™ฆ Scanning electron microscope Lens.

The electron beam is focused on the two electromagnetic lenses, condenser, and objective.

The main function of these two lenses is to control the path of electrons inside the column.

Also, the condenser lens defines the size of the electron beam in a few nanometers and converges it, to focus on the sample.

The Objective lens also converged the beam and deflect it in the x-axis and y-axis, before striking onto the sample.

Here the deflection is in the x-axis and y-axis so that the scanning coils scan into a raster scan pattern over a rectangular area onto the sample.

Scanning electron microscope types of electrons.

As you know there are two types of electrons in Sem for imaging the sample.ย 

โ™ฆ BSE, Backscattered electrons:

BSE are the electrons that are reflected back by elastic scattering, after interaction between the electron beam and atoms of the sample.

In BSE imaging higher the atomic number of sample,

brighter the substance appears in the image,

as the intensity of the BSE are strongly related to the atomic number of the sample used.

The backscattered electrons come from the deeper region of the sample surface.

The BSE imaging reveals the information about the chemical composition in the sample and determines the crystallographic structure.

These electrons are collected by the Backscattered electron detector, which is used in the Sem.

โ™ฆ SE, Secondary electrons:

Secondary electrons are the electrons that originate from the surface of the sample by inelastic scattering,

after interaction between the electron beam and atoms of the sample.

As the Secondary electrons come from the surface region of the sample, the Secondary electron imaging reveals information about the sample’s surface topography, etc.

X-rays: X-rays are produced during the interaction between the electron beam and sample at various depths.

After analyzing or detecting the energy of x-rays signals, which is come out from the sample, we can map the distribution and quantity of elements in the sample.

So that we use an x-rays detector for this purpose.

The computer screen or CRT monitors:

These are used to form images of the sample after collecting signals by various detectors.

โ™ฆ Colors in Sem:

The images produced by the Sem are not colored.

Various technologies are used to obtain colored images like photo-editing software and by using multiple detectors.

After this, we can see the images in a more detailed view.

Application of scanning electron microscope and scanning electron microscope uses.

Scanning electron microscope Sem
Photo by Rodion Kutsaev on Unsplash

Sem is a very important tool in many fields such as Biology, Gemology, Metallurgy, Forensic science, etc.

Any substance which is to be examined at nanoscale and Sem is very important to reveal info about the chemical composition, surface topography, examining fracture surfaces of metals, dimensional measurements, special for characterization of materials, corrosion measurements, etc.ย 

Sem has many different applications in industrial work and in electronic technologies like in Miniscule products, assembly of computer integrated circuits, etc.

Sem is used in semiconductor inspection (Where detecting any particles or defects in the wafer in the semiconductor wafer manufacturing process).

Scanning electron microscope advantages.

It is seen that many applications require minimal sample preparation and rapid results also.

Sem gives two-dimensional detailed surface topography imaging as well as three-dimensional imaging by using different detectors and techniques and software, etc.

The Sem is easy to use if someone has the proper training (knowledge of computer software is required for the study of the images at different scales).

In Sem, we can use CRT monitors as well as new technology’s high-quality monitors, etc.

Scanning electron microscope magnification.

Magnification in Sem is around 1nm to 10nm and in some Modern Sem magnification is more than 50nm.

In Sem magnification is controlled by the voltage supplied to scanning coils.

The scanning electron microscope resolution is very high and makes this instrument a great tool for detailed surface imaging.

Scanning electron microscope sem Conclusion:

According to us this instrument is a great tool in material characterization for researchers in physics and saves humans valuable time.

Some info is taken from Wikipedia.

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Flowchart symbols with meaning, example, in programming, diagram, functions, process

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Flowchart symbols with meaning, example, in programming, diagram, functions, process

A flowchart uses the special designs or boxes of different shapes of geometry to represent different types of instructions or steps involved in a process. These are called flowchart symbols. Here you will see flowchart symbols and meaning with examples and diagrams.ย 

Flowchart symbols are used by a user or a programmer when drawing or making a flowchart whetherย on paper or online software.

In Flowchart symbols, lines and the arrow shows the sequence of the Process, or instructions and the connections among them.

Programming flowchart symbols

Now we will discuss some of the most common flowchart symbols in programming or simple use.

Flowchart symbols with meaning & their functions

flowchart symbols with meaning

flowchart symbols with meaning Terminal:ย The terminal symbol indicates the Start and End points of the system.

It usually contains the words start, begin, end inside the terminal design/shape to make process/things more obvious.

Also, it is the first and the last symbol in program logic. Represented as the shape of the stadium, rounded rectangle, oval.ย 

Flowchart symbols with meaningInput/Output: It indicates the input and output of data in process/program logic.

Represented as a shape of aย Parallelogram.

This symbol representsย a step where a programmer/user is prompted to enter information/data manually and displayingย the result as output.ย 

Flowchart symbols with meaningCompute/Process: This symbol represents a set of operations that change the value, form, the location of data.

It represents arithmetic and data movement instruction, it is like a workhorse of a flowchart diagram. This symbol looks like a shape of a rectangle.ย 

Flowchart symbols with meaningDecision: It indicates a question/point at which the decision has to be made and answered in the format of (yes/No, True/False).

In this symbol, the Flowchart path may then split off into different branches depending on the answer.

This flowchart symbol represented as the shape of a Diamond(Rhombus).ย ย 

Are flowchart symbols difficult?

flowchart symbols with meaning
Photo by Kaleidico on Unsplash

No! Then read ahead!!

Flowchart symbols with meaningFlowlines(Arrowhead): This Flowchart symbol shows the process’s order of the operation and the exact sequence in which instructions are to be executed in a flowchart.

In a flowchart line coming from one symbol and pointing at another.

The arrowheads are added to represents the flow, whether it is right-to-left, left-to-right, top-to-bottom, etc.ย 

Flowchart symbols with meaningPredefinedย Process: This symbol shows the named process which is defined elsewhere.

It means that the flowchart for the predefined process has to be already drawn, and you should reference the flowchart for more information.

This flowchart symbol represented as a shape of a rectangle with double-struck vertical edges.

When you make a flowchart with the help of a software program, it is also called Subroutine.ย 

Flowchart symbols with meaningConnector/Inspection: In Flowchart, this symbol is typically small and used as a connector to show a jump from one point in the process flow to another.

This symbol particularly useful for the large flowchart.

In process mapping, this symbol is full-sized and shows an inspection point in the process flow.

This symbol is represented by a small circle with a letter inside.

These connectors usually labeled with capital letters (A, B, AA) to show matching jump points.ย 

Let’s make a Flowchart with Given Flowchart symbols with meaning.

flowchart symbols with meaning
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LampFlowchart.svg

In the above flowchart, the troubleshooting of a broken lamp is shown.

Let me explain the complete process of this flowchart.ย 

Here we solved the problem of a broken lamp with the help of a flowchart.

1 In this flowchart, the “Process symbol” is taken as the first box. Here the data is “Lamp doesn’t work“.ย 

2 The arrowhead indicates the flow of instructions or processes.ย 

3 Now the decision is to be taken that “lamp plugged in?“.

For this decision purpose, we use the diamond shape flowchart symbol (Decision symbol).ย 

4 Now the arrowhead again indicates the flow of the data. If the answer is “No” then the “Process symbol” shows “Plugin lamp“.

5 If the answer is “Yes” then the arrowhead shows a new decision is to be taken. For this purpose, a “Decision symbol” is drawn.

6 Now the decision is again taken that “Bulb burned out?“. For this purpose, a new “Decision symbol” is drawn.

7 If the answer is “Yes” then the “Process symbol” shown that “Replace the bulb“.

8 If the answer is “No” then “Repair lamp“.ย  That’s it.ย 

Now the question is for You!!

flowchart symbols with meaning
Photo by Neven Krcmarek on Unsplash

Here I will give you the required data or set of instructions.

After using and understand these instructions, check whether you can draw a flowchart or Not. Okay, let us do it.

Question: Draw a flowchart for finding the largest of the three numbers.ย 

Note that all symbols to be used here are given aboveโ‡‘.ย 

Instructions.

1 Beginning with a “Terminalย symbol” and you can write the word “start” into this symbol. Draw a downward arrow for the sequence of the instructions.

2 Now form a shape, like a “Parallelogram” or simply choose “Input/output symbol“. Here you need to write “Read X, Y, Z” into this symbol.

Draw a downward arrow, which will later touch the next symbol.

3 Here the decision is to be taken. Draw a “decision symbol“. The instruction which is written into this symbol is “IS X>Y?“.

4 If the answer is “Yes” then the arrowhead will be in the left direction.

Where you need to turn it in a downward direction, where it touches the next symbol.

5 If the answer is “No” then the arrowhead will be gone in the right direction.

Where you need to again turn it in a downward direction, where it touches the next shape/symbol.

6 Now again for the answer “Yes” (For the above 4th line) a “Decision symbol” forms and you need to write here “IS X>Z?” into this symbol.

6a โ€“ย For the answer “No” (For the above 5th line) another “Decision symbol” forms and write “IS Y>Z?” into this symbol.

Don’t Panic and take a break of two minutes and understand next.

7 If the answer is “Yes” for the decision symbol of line 6th then draw a left-sided arrowhead and turn it in a download direction.

where it touches an “Input/Output symbol” and writes “Print X” into this symbol.

Here if the answer is “No” for the same “decision symbol” of line 6th.

7a โ€“ Then draw a right-sided arrowhead and turn it in a downward direction, where it touches an “Input/Output symbol” and write “Print Z” into this symbol.

8 If the answer is “No” for the “decision symbol” of line 6aย  then draw a left-sided arrowhead and turn it in a downward direction.

where it touches the same symbol as in line 7a.ย 

9 If the answer is “Yes”ย  for the “decision symbol” of line 6a then draw a right-sided arrowhead and turn it in a downward direction.

Here it touches an “Input/Output symbol” and writes “Print Y” into this symbol.ย 

10 At last, all three “Input/Output symbols” touches combined, with a “Terminal symbol” and you write “End” into this symbol.ย 

Finished! That’s it.

If you want to know the answer to this question.

Then Please, go to the Answer to this Question.ย ย 

Why we need Flowchart symbols?

Flowchart symbolsย are very important because these symbols help the user to make a more understandable and easy flowchart diagram.

Making and drawing flowcharts, Without flowchart symbols would be a very boring and difficult process. Especially for a large program.

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What is a Flowchart, Definition, Examples, in C programming, Software, types of flowchart, advantages

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What is a Flowchart, Definition, Examples, in C programming, Software, types of flowchart, advantages

What is a Flowchart?

Flowchart definition A flowchart is a diagram or simply a pictorial/Visual representation of an algorithm, process, or workflow, etc.

The flowchart is used in many ways to solve a problem whether in computer programming, functional, process map, business process modeling/mapping/notation, etc.

ย Flow chart examples

what is a flowchart

Types of Flowchart which are commonly used

Workflow diagramย 

Yes/No charts

Data-flow diagrams

Decision flowsย 

Process flow diagramย 

Swimlane flowchartsย 

Influence diagrams chartsย 

System charts

Logic charts

Product charts

Event-driven process chain charts, etc.

Advantages of Flowchartย 

Since a flowchart is a visual representation, we can use it documenting simple processes, design, and make programs.ย 

It maintains good program documentation. These charts help to visualize what is going on and thereby help to understand a process or problem.ย 

It can be used to standardize a process for effective analysis, efficiency.ย 

With the help of these charts, a process or a program can be studied easily by making detailed parts and communicate a process for training purposes.ย ย 

Easy systematic debugging.

It helps a programmer to maintain unnecessary steps in a program and improve it, and pay attention to thatย part of the information flow, which is to be modified.ย 

A good way of communicating.

With these charts, we can create an oral presentation and can organize a group or individual projects with an easy scenario.ย 

These charts serve as a basis for designing new processes.

When we work on a large coding process/program it acts as a Roadmap during the process/program preparation phases.

In a programming language, the encoded syntax and the various instruction can be easily checked by the programmer to ensure that no mistake and no step/instruction is left.ย 

Disadvantages or limitations of a Flowchart.

what is a flowchart
Photo by Dylan Gillis on Unsplash

Sometimes any modifications or alternations in program logic will usually require a completely new chart which is an obvious waste of money and valuable time.

When a user works on a large and complicated program, and any misleading program logic statements or instruction become a pain for the user and this process becomes a tedious job for the user and wastage of time.

Conclusion: A Flowchart is very useful for beginners because it has the ability of pre-preparation process/program, well documentation, efficient coding, efficient analysis, and lots more.

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Online software for drawing flowchart https://www.draw.io/

Types of search engine in computer and mobile with queries, success factors

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Types of search engine in computer and mobile with queries, success factors

Search engines mostly Google, Bing, Yahoo, Yandex, etc are developing a major environment around us in our day-to-day life. As a human being our curiosity about learning, knowing facts, and determining things increase with the passage of time. Therefore search engines help us to make these all things calm down for us.

But along with this the level of our education, means, from primary education to P.HD level, and something else makes a huge difference in terms of search engines’ usability and importance. Also, there is a contradiction to the above line, that today with the help of voice search features an illiterate person who has much understanding of local languages can use search engines to find queries easily.

Okay, before starting the types of search engines, let us explore the definition of the search engine.

What is a search engine?

ย A Search engine is a specialized program where you get the required information from the huge database of resources available on the internet.

Types of search engines.ย 

1 Crawlers search engine:

This type of search engine uses a crawler, spider or bot to search the required information.ย 

Steps involve in crawler:

A –ย  The crawler digs through the individual web pages.

B – Indexing and calculating relevancy.

C – Pulls out the required keywords and adds the pages to the search engine database.

The crawler, again and again, crawl your whole website and fetch the information throughย web pages.

This may take time to crawl your web page database and it depends on what types of search engine is.

so sometimes you see that your deleted post or page content is showing in the search result until the crawler again crawls your web.ย 

Examples of crawler search engines are Google, Yahoo!, Bing, Baidu, Yandex.

2 Directories:

These search engines powered by humans and depend on the human editor to create their database information and listings.ย 

Examples of directories are the Open Directory, Yahoo Directory, DMOZ, etc.ย 

In these directories, the site owner submitsย their site information, like in form of web URL, and the directories approve this and give appropriateย category or may be rejected.ย 

3 Hybrid search engines:

These search engines use both crawler and human directories search engines for their required result.ย 

Examples of Hybrid search engines are (Google.com, Yahoo.com).

4 Metasearch engines:

These search engines collect meta-information/results from other pages or sites as well as directories and combine them into large listing and display in search results.ย 

Examples of Metasearch engines are Dogpile, Metacrawler.

According to users best search engines in the world.

1ย Google is the No. 1 search engine in the world.

Around 3/4 ( 74%) part of the search is powered by Google ( in a report of 2018).ย 

2 Baidu

This is the most popular search engine in China and approx. at 2nd place in the ranking of largest search engines acc. to 2018 update.

3 Bing

This is powered by Microsoft and also a very large search engine in the world.

4 Yahoo!

Yahoo is still a veryย largeย email provider and search results.ย 

5 Ask.com

This is a question-answer type search engine, you can ask any question and get many answers, but it is not convenient like google, bing, Yahoo!.

6 AOL.com

7 WolframAlpha

It is a type of calculational knowledge search engine and answer engine and you can do a very short calculation here.ย 

8 DuckDuckGo

It is a very good search engine as it protects your search privacy.

9 Internet Archive

Universal access to all knowledge.

10 Yandex.com

One of the largest search engineย of Russia and very good ranking globally.ย 

Conclusion: Ranking goes higher and lowers at a different time interval.

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Google.com

Michelson Interferometer, Definition, Diagram, Derivation, Setup, images, applications

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Michelson Interferometer, Definition, Diagram, Derivation, Setup, images, applications

Michelson Interferometer

Albert Abraham Michelson: Which was an American physicist who developed an instrument using the concept of interferometry, the so-called Michelson interferometer.

It is used to determine the wavelength of light and the refractive index of thin material.ย “Michelson interferometer diagram and derivation” Let us start.ย ย 

In this experiment, a monochromaticย source of light is used to produce fringes of light by splitting a beam of light into two arms by the use of a beam splitter.

These light beams reflected back towards the beam splitter, which then combines their amplitude using the superposition principle and interference pattern results.

Michelson Interferometer diagram

Michelson Interferometer Working.

In this experiment, two polished mirrors are used (let M1 and M2). These mirrors are perfectly perpendicular to each other.

Two glass plates A and C are placed between the two mirrors.

The backside of glass plate A is half polished so, half of the light is reflected towards mirror M1 and half transmitted towards mirror M2.

After that, these two beams of light reflected back by theย M1 and M2 mirrors to the plates.

The wave reflected from the mirror M1 is transmitted through the plate A and the wave reflected from M2 is reflected again by the glass plate A.ย 

The two waves from mirror M1 and M2 interfere and fringes are observed by the observer.

Also, constructive and destructive interference occurs depending on the relative phase shift between two plane waves.ย 

Michelson Interferometer compensating plate.

michelson interferometer
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Michelson_interferometer.png

This experimental setup produces an extra optical path like the wave which reflected from the mirror M1 and passes through plate A twice.

Another plate is placed in the path of the reflected wave from the mirror M2 so that the wave passes through this is also twice.

So, to create balance in these two waves this (C named ) plate is used. This is calledย a compensatingย plate.

Michelson Interferometer condition for constructive interference.

The path difference between the two waves must be an integral multiple of mฮป.

Where m is the order and m= 0,1,2,3,….. andย ฮปย is the wavelength. In constructiveย interference the fringes are bright.ย 

ฮ”=2d cosฮธ+ฮป /2 = ( total path difference between the two waves)

ฮ”=2d cosฮธ+ฮป /2 = mฮป,ย m=0, 1, 2,… For constructiveย interference

Michelson Interferometer condition for destructive interference.

If the path difference betweenย the two waves is (m+ยฝ)ฮป.

Then the fringes appear is dark.ย 

ฮ”=2d cosฮธ+ฮป /2 = (m+ยฝ)ฮป,ย ย m=0, 1, 2,… For destructive interference

In this experiment, many fringes forms are illustrated below.

1 Circles fringes.

2 Straight fringes.

3 Ellipses fringes.

4 Hyperbolae fringes.

These fringes formation depends upon the distance d between M1 and M2โ€ฒ and the angle between these surfaces.

Hereย M2โ€ฒย is the virtual image of M2 formed in glass plate A for the observer, who sees in the direction of M1.

michelson interferometer diagram and derivation

Michelson Interferometer fringes

Circular fringes

Circular fringes are forms when the two mirrors are perfectly in a perpendicular direction to each other and M1 is parallel toย M2โ€ฒ and the angle is zero.

Let the distance betweenย M1 andย M2โ€ฒย is equal to d.ย 

The if the distance between virtual images S1โ€ฒ and S2โ€ฒ of source S due to parallel M1 and M2โ€ฒ is equal to 2d.

The virtual sources inย S1โ€ฒ and S2โ€ฒ are said to be in phase to each other (Such sources are called coherent sources) and in that the phases of corresponding points in the are exactly the same at all times.ย 

Now the path difference between the two incoming waves will be equal toย 2d cosฮธ.

where the ฮธ is the angle between the viewing axis and the incoming falling wave.

Here the characteristics of the interference pattern depend on the nature of the light source and the precise orientation of the mirror and beam splitter.

Now the parallel waves interfere with each other and produced a fringe pattern of maxima and minima for which 2d cosฮธ = mฮป.

Here the optical elements are oriented so thatย S1โ€ฒ and S2โ€ฒ are in line with the observer and pattern in resulting circular forms on the normal M1 and M2โ€ฒ.

These are called fringes of equal inclination.ย 

Localized fringes (straight or parallel)

In which M1 and M2โ€ฒ are overlapped and also not observed for large path difference (fringes with equal thickness).ย 

Michelson Interferometer Wavelength.

We know that in constructive interference bright fringes visible in the field of view.

So if we adjust the position of mirror M1 in such a way, for which it satisfies the condition of constructive interference, increasing d byย ฮป โ„2 and path difference between the reflected waves becomesย 2(d+ฮป โ„2). Here we assumed cosฮธ=1

Hence, at last, the wavelength will be d=mฮปย โ„ 2 orย ฮป=2dย โ„m ( n=order of fringes).

Michelson Interferometer experimental precautions.

michelson interferometer
Photo by Ben Hershey on Unsplash

1 Always handles the screw with gently because it can break the mirror.

2 Never touch the lens or mirrors with your fingers, when you working with them.

This can lead to an inaccurate measurement of your experiments.ย 

3 Always in touch with your instructor for further information.ย While you working with a laser, as a source of light always be careful.

Never look at the laser beam directly as most of the laser beams have high intensity and it can damage your eye’s retina.ย 

Application of Michelson Interferometer.

1 It is used in astronomical interferometry and also used in coherence tomography.

2 It used in the analysis of the upper atmosphere, by indicating the winds and temperature.

This instrument is used to measuring the Doppler width and shifting in the spectrum of airglow and also Aurora.ย 

3 Many operations are done with the Michelson interferometer of Fourier transform spectrometer for adjustment of the movable mirror.

The Fourier transform makes changes and converts the interferogram into an actual spectrum.

4ย The Fourier transform spectrometers can offer significant advantages over dispersive grating and prism spectrometers under certain conditions.

5 It used in the making of fiber optics materials.

6 To make a tunable narrowbandย filter.

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The Law of Conservation of Energy States that

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The Law of Conservation of Energy States that

The Law of Conservation of Energy states that.

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed it can be converted from one form to another.ย 

The law of conservation of energy is also called the first law of thermodynamics.

The first law of thermodynamics.
ย 
If a certain amount of heat is absorbed, an equivalent amount of work is done and if a certain amount of work is done, an equivalent amount of heat is produced.ย 
1st law of thermodynamics examples.

When petrol or diesel burnt in a car engine, the chemical energy into this fuel converted into mechanical energy.

The solar panel converts radiation of the sun into electric energy.

Law of energy conservation.

This law states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant, it is said to be conserved over time.

While the conservation of energy and conservation of mass is two different things.

But, the concept of special relativity showed that mass is related to energy and vice versa.ย 

According to Einstein’s mass-energy relation E=mcยฒ.

Types of energy.

the law of conservation of energy states that

Kinetic energy – The energy forms due to the motion.

Potential energy – The energy possessed by an object due to its position relative to other objects.

Chemical energy – The energy stored in chemical substances or bonds and which can be released in reactions.ย 

Electrical energy – The energy stored in charged particles or separating charge in an electric field.ย 

Thermal energy –ย  It is an example of kinetic energy, which can be transferred from one object or system to another in the form of heat. For example – friction.

The second law of thermodynamics.

It is impossible to construct a heat engine operating in cycles, that converts whole heat into work.

This is a Planck-Kelvin statement of 2nd law of thermodynamics.ย 

The second law of thermodynamics put some restrictions on the first law of thermodynamics.

This is because of the limitations of the first law of thermodynamics, such as the direction-flow of conversion and quantity of conversion.ย 

2nd law of thermodynamics example.

the law of conservation of energy states that

Before burned it a material, in a very ordered state.

But after burning more disordered state occurs, and you never combine, (heat and gases, etc.) these two states and cannot back to the form of an original piece of wood.ย 

So you can say that an energy source is never destroyed but enters a disordered state and this state is not useful for us in terms of a source of energy.ย 

“It means we can convert whole work in heat/energy but cannot convert whole heat into work done”.ย 

Third law of thermodynamics.

Where the entropy measurement is zero, is a state of absolute zero temperature.

(Still today it is not possible by any procedure to achieve an absolute zero temp.)

Third law of thermodynamics example.
Entropy change of a crystal lattice heated by an incoming photon.
The source of this example is Wikipedia.ย 
That’s it all about “state the law of conservation of energy” in a simple way.
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New innovations in the world

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New innovations in the world

New innovations in the world.

When we create or improve a new service and goods by any process is sometimes called (New innovations in the world or innovation definition)

Our ideas, imagination, thinking towards older services that they will become more improved as compared to the past one.

Innovations make things more valuable and encourage people to pay for them.

ย Innovation must fulfill the needs in a satisfying manner.

Through innovation, a human can try for those things which later hard to be invented or design.

If innovation had got into the wrong hands it will very dangerous for civilization.

New innovations in the world-categories.

new innovations

If we divide innovation in categories it has two main categories.

ยนEvolutionary innovations: In this section translating the dynamic evolutions and increment in continuous innovation like in the medical or technology field.

ยฒRevolutionary innovations: It is a type of new innovation in any field.

As it is discontinuous to past so, many possibilities that either some of these are disruptive or either will create a huge development in some areas.

New innovations in the world in business with some old business ideas or laws.

new innovations

Business ideas or business innovations

When some ideas are applied by any company in order to fulfill the demand of their customers and needs in a satisfying manner.

In this manner, they improve the quality of their product.

Examples

1Trade law (Code of Hammurabi) in 1772 B.C

Before Hammurabi’s invention of private codes, it was difficult to establish primitive constituent/some fundamental laws, etc.

It consists of 282 laws with scaled punishment.

2 Banking (1129) and interest (27B.C)

It was a great idea or innovation in business that the money is safe at a particular place.

The innovation of “interest” makes banking more valuable in business and for other people too.

New innovations in bio-sci with examples.

Biomarker detection system

This system improves the capabilities of examining a single cell and all its constituent very accurately and in aย  preciseย method like protein analysis into a single cell.

The Quanterix SR-X-Ultra -sensitive biomarker detection system is the latest system.

Theย  Quanterix SR-X-Ultra created an advanced possibility for the researchers to find biomarker capabilities in a compact and affordable system.

new innovations

1 ISOPlexis – ISOCode Chip (February 2017)

This is a new technology. which allow characterizing cell based on Protein they secrete.

As many as 42 diffs, Cytokines, Chemokines and some other molecule type at Once.ย 

This gives the ability to the researchers to profile thousands of individual immune cells and T cells at Once.

The researchers can perform to basically, each of those immune cells, get between 30 to 45 secreted Protein per cell.

These chips come in 10 diffs. Panels and ranging from 24 to 42 Anti-body per panel with a cost of $500 to $600.

In future the ISOLight imaging single-cell tech.ย  has the potential of examing any patient effectively and the treatment of cancer cells at the biomarker platform.

ISOCode Chip Launched by Branford, Connecticut-based ISOPlexis.

2 ย i – STAT Alinity by Abbott (2017):

By this latest device, with a few drops of blood, we get info. about the immediate action in- care testing within 2 to 10 minutes.

new innovations

This is a handheld blood-testing device. Its cost varies from $7000 to $12000.

New innovations in technology with examples.

1 Practical Augmented Reality

New devices that track human daily activity in routine like in future microdisplay will give info. minute by minute.ย 

2 Real-Time Languages Translator

It a newly launched voice recognition technology, which is combined with Artificial intelligence, Real-time language translator, which allows single language speakers to have real-time conversations.

new innovations

Lots of other innovations in tech such as,ย 

3 Chatbots

4ย Generative adversarial network

5 Inexpensive, Fast Storage

6 Machine learning applications,ย etc.

Conclusion

First of all these innovations are a clear example of the Humans’ dedicated ideas, learning or innovative thinking, which will be useful for humanity.

You look that these innovations put a tremendous effect on civilization, whatever be the field, which does not so matter, are great achievements, preferable for the world.

Cons. andย risks.

Although these innovations are very useful for us,ย Organizations or firms that create revolutionary technologies or product, take on the greatest risk because they create a new market.ย 

The Risk withย Artificial intelligence in the future, if it goes in uncontrol way or in a wrong manner, then it will be unbelievable, how dangerous it impacts them.

new innovations

In today’s world, new innovations in the world like in Computer-Viruses, are used by hackers, thieves and many others who take it in a very wrong manner.

Also, responsible for Loss of data, Online money fraud, Privacy problem, etc.

 

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